PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Azevedo S.S., Vilar A.L.T., Santos C.S.A.B., Clementino I.J., Fernandes L.G. & Alves C.J. 2017. Spatial cluster analysis for bovine paratuberculosis in Paraiba State, Northeastern Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37(11):1193-1197. Unidade Acadêmica de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Av. Universitária s/n, Cx. Postal 61, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58700-970, Brazil. E-mail: sergio@vps.fmvz.usp.br The aim of this survey was to identify spatial clustering of bovine paratuberculosis positive herds in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling groups: sampling stratum 1 (mesoregion of Sertão), sampling stratum 2 (mesoregion of Borborema), and sampling stratum 3 (mesoregions of Zona da Mata and Agreste). Ten animals were sampled in herds with up to 99 cows aged over 24 months; 15 animals were sampled in herds with 100 or more cows aged over 24 months; and all animals were sampled in those with up to 10 cows aged over 24 months. In total, 2504 cows aged ≥ 24 months were sampled from 480 herds. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) test kits were used for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody detection. A herd was deemed positive for paratuberculosis if it included at least one positive animal in herds of up to 24 females, and two positive animals in herds with more than 24 females. Spatial clustering was assessed using the Cuzick-Edwards’ k-nearest neighbor method and spatial scan statistics. Two significant clustering of positive herds were detected in Northern part of Borborema mesoregion, a border region with the State of Rio Grande do Norte, in which there is a large animal movement from different locations without knowing the sanitary condition of animals. As serological tests for MAP diagnosis are not widely available and are very expensive, as well as replacement or maintenance of livestock by animal purchasing is common in the region, it is concluded that prevention measures should be applied at herd level.

• Paratuberculosis cattle cluster analysis control paratuberculose bovinos análise de cluster controle

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Azevedo S.S., Vilar A.L.T., Santos C.S.A.B., Clementino I.J., Fernandes L.G. & Alves C.J. 2017. Spatial cluster analysis for bovine paratuberculosis in Paraiba State, Northeastern Brazil. [Análise de aglomerados espaciais para paratuberculose bovina no Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil.] Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37(11):1193-1197. Unidade Acadêmica de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Av. Universitária s/n, Cx. Postal 61, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58700-970, Brazil. E-mail: sergio@vps.fmvz.usp.br O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar agrupamentos espaciais de rebanhos positivos para paratuberculose bovina no Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. O estado foi dividido em três grupos amostrais: estrato amostral 1 (mesorregião do Sertão), estrato amostral 2 (mesorregião da Borborema), e estrato amostral 3 (mesorregiões da Zona da Mata e Agreste). Dez animais foram amostrados em rebanhos com até 99 vacas com idade maior ou igual a 24 meses; 15 animais foram amostrados em rebanhos com 100 ou mais vacas com idade maior ou igual a 24 meses; e todos os animais foram amostrados naqueles rebanhos com até 10 vacas. No total, foram amostradas 2504 vacas com idade ≥24 meses de 480 rebanhos. Para a detecção de anticorpos anti-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) foram utilizados kits do teste imunoenzimático indireto (ELISA). Um rebanho foi considerado positivo para paratuberculose se apresentasse pelo menos um animal positivo em rebanhos de até 24 fêmeas, e dois animais positivos em rebanhos com mais de 24 fêmeas. Os agrupamentos espaciais foram avaliados com o uso da metodologia k-vizinhos mais próximos de Cuzick-Edwards e estatística espacial de varredura. Dois agrupamentos significativos de rebanhos positivos foram detectados na parte norte da mesorregião da Borborema, uma região de fronteira com o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte onde há intenso movimento de animais de diferentes locais sem o conhecimento do estado sanitário desses animais. Tendo em vista que os testes sorológicos para diagnóstico de MAP não são amplamente disponíveis e muito caros, bem como é comum na região a reposição e manutenção dos rebanhos por compra de animais, conclui-se que medidas de prevenção devem ser aplicadas em nível de rebanho.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Pimenta C.L.R.M., Castro V., Clementino I.J., Alves C.J., Fernandes L.G., Brasil A.W.L., Santos C.A.S.B. & Azevedo S.S. 2014. [Bovine leptospirosis in Paraíba State: prevalence and risk factors associated with the occurrence of positive herds.] Leptospirose bovina no Estado da Paraíba: prevalência e fatores de risco associados à ocorrência de propriedades positivas. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 34(4):332-336. Unidade Acadêmica de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Av. Universitária s/n, Cx. Postal 61, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58700-970, Brazil. E-mail: sergio@vps.fmvz.usp.br Herd-level and animal-level prevalences were determined and risk factors associated with leptospirosis were identified in cows in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. A total of 2,317 cows with &#8805; 24 months of age from 450 herds were randomly sampled. For the serological diagnosis of Leptospira spp. infection, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was carried out using 24 serovars as antigens. A herd was considered positive when presented at least one seropositive animal. Of the 450 investigated herds, 398 (89.7%; 95% CI = 86.6-92.2%) presented at least one reactant animal at MAT to any serovar, and 1,349 (61.1%; 95% CI = 56.6-65.4%) animals were seropositive. Serovar Hardjo was the most prevalent in herds and animals, with frequencies of 58.17% and 54.69% respectively. Location of the herd in the Sertão (odds ratio = 3.20; p=0.003), presence of wildlife (odds ratio =2.89; p=0.005), not cooling milk (odds ratio =3.83; p=0.034) and presence of flooded pastures (odds ratio =2.36; p<0.001) were identified as risk factors for herd-level prevalence. It is concluded that leptospirosis is widely spread in cattle in State of Paraíba, which reinforces the need for increased prevention and control measures, such as vaccination of herds. According to the results of risk factors analysis it is suggested that the sanitary control before the introduction of animals, drainage of wetlands and improvement in management conditions are important measures to preventing the infection.

• Leptospira spp. leptospirosis leptospirose

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Pimenta C.L.R.M., Castro V., Clementino I.J., Alves C.J., Fernandes L.G., Brasil A.W.L., Santos C.A.S.B. & Azevedo S.S. 2014. [Bovine leptospirosis in Paraíba State: prevalence and risk factors associated with the occurrence of positive herds.] Leptospirose bovina no Estado da Paraíba: prevalência e fatores de risco associados à ocorrência de propriedades positivas. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 34(4):332-336. Unidade Acadêmica de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Av. Universitária s/n, Cx. Postal 61, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58700-970, Brazil. E-mail: sergio@vps.fmvz.usp.br Foram determinadas as prevalências de propriedades positivas e de animais positivos e identificados fatores de risco associados à leptospirose em vacas no Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram aleatoriamente selecionadas 2.317vacas com idade &#8805; 24 meses, procedentes de 450propriedades. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por Leptospira spp. foi empregado o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), utilizando-se 24 sorovares como antígenos. Uma propriedade foi considerada positiva quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Das 450 propriedades investigadas 398 (89,7%; IC 95% = 86,6-92,2%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal reagente na SAM para qualquer sorovar, e 1.349 (61,1%; IC 95% = 56,6-65,4%) animais foram soropositivos. O sorovar Hardjo foi o mais prevalente nas propriedades e nos animais, com frequências de 58,17% e 54,69%, respectivamente. Propriedade ser localizada no Sertão (odds ratio = 3,20; p = 0,003), presença de animais silvestres (odds ratio =2,89; p=0,005), não resfriar o leite (odds ratio =3,83; p=0,034) e presença de pastos alagados (odds ratio =2,36; p<0,001) foram identificados como fatores de riscos associados à prevalência de propriedades positivas. Conclui-se que a leptospirose encontra-se amplamente difundida em bovinos do Estado da Paraíba, o que reforça a necessidade de intensificação de medidas de prevenção e controle, como a vacinação dos rebanhos. De acordo com os resultados da análise de fatores de risco, sugere-se que o controle sanitário antes da introdução de animais, drenagem de áreas alagadas e melhora nas condições de manejo são importantes medidas para a prevenção da infecção.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Figueiredo S.M., Rocha V.C.M., Higino S.S.S., Batista, C.S.A., Alves C.J., Clementino I.J. & Azevedo S.S. 2010. [Bovine tuberculosis in the state of Paraíba: retrospective survey.] Tuberculose bovina no Estado da Paraíba: estudo retrospectivo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(9):712-716. Unidade Acadêmica de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Av. Universitária s/n, Bairro Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58700-970, Brazil. E-mail: sergio.azevedo@pq.cnpq.br The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of positive herds (foci) and positive animals for bovine tuberculosis in the state of Paraíba, Northeast region of Brazil. Data from the Agency of Agricultural Protection in the state, collected from its 23 microregions, during the January 2008 to July 2009 period, were used. During this period, 10,963 herds were examined and 54,472 cattle were submitted to the tuberculin test. For diagnosis the cervical and caudal-fold tuberculin tests were used as screening tests in dairy and beef cattle, respectively; as confirmatory test, comparative cervical test was used. A herd was considered focus when presented at least one positive animal. Of the herds investigated, 62 (0.57%) had at least one positive animal, and of the animals examined, 136 (0.25%) were positive. There was significant difference (p<0.001) in the proportion of positivity for females (0.32%) and males (0.04%). Despite low frequency of foci of brucellosis and seropositive animals, it is necessary to conduct measures including awareness of producers, surveillance in sanitary barriers and periodic surveys of epidemiological situation of this disease especially in the regions with highest frequency of infection, aiming to avoid, or at least minimize, the spread of the agent.

• Bovine tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis tuberculose bovina

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Figueiredo S.M., Rocha V.C.M., Higino S.S.S., Batista, C.S.A., Alves C.J., Clementino I.J. & Azevedo S.S. 2010. [Bovine tuberculosis in the state of Paraíba: retrospective survey.] Tuberculose bovina no Estado da Paraíba: estudo retrospectivo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(9):712-716. Unidade Acadêmica de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Av. Universitária s/n, Bairro Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58700-970, Brazil. E-mail: sergio.azevedo@pq.cnpq.br O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a frequência de propriedades positivas (focos) e de animais positivos para a tuberculose bovina no Estado da Paraíba. Foram utilizados dados da Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado, coletados de suas 23 microrregiões, durante o período de janeiro de 2008 a julho de 2009. Durante esse período, foram examinadas 10.963 propriedades e 54.472 bovinos foram submetidos ao teste de tuberculinização. Para o diagnóstico foi utilizada, como prova de triagem, a tuberculinização cervical simples para gado de leite e a tuberculinização na prega caudal para gado de corte; como prova confirmatória foi utilizada a tuberculinização cervical comparativa. Uma propriedade foi considerada foco quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Das propriedades investigadas, 62 (0,57%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal positivo e dos animais analisados, 136 (0,25%) foram positivos. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,001) na proporção de fêmeas (0,32%) e machos (0,04%) positivos. A despeito da baixa freqüência de focos de brucelose e de animais soropositivos, é necessária a condução de medidas que incluem a conscientização dos produtores, fiscalização nas barreiras sanitárias e levantamentos periódicos da situação epidemiológica desta doença, principalmente nas microrregiões com maior frequência da infecção, com o objetivo de evitar, ou pelo menos minimizar, a disseminação do agente.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Clementino I.J., Alves C.J., Azevedo S.S., Paulin L.M. & Medeiros K.A. 2007. [Sero-epidemiological survey and risk factors for Brucella ovis infection in rams of the semiarid region of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil.] Inquérito soro-epidemiológico e fatores de risco associados à infecção por Brucella ovis em carneiros deslanados do semi-árido da Paraíba. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(4):137-143. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cx.Postal 64, Patos, PB 58700-970, Brazil. E-mail: clementinoij@yahoo.com.br A sero-epidemiological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of Brucella ovis infection in rams in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. The risk factors for the infection were also verified. Serum samples from 498 rams, 8 months of age or older, of 283 sheep herds in the Sertão Paraibano and Borborema mesoregions were investigated. All sera were examined by AGID test (screening test) and CFT (confirmatory test). From the total of examined herds, 8.59% (95% CI = 5.83%-12.48%) were seropositive for Brucella ovis. The prevalence of seropositive rams was 5.57% (95% CI = 3.86%-7.97%). The seropositivity was lower in herds where cleanliness was frequently made (p< 0.05).

• Brucellosis Brucella ovis rams prevalence

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Clementino I.J., Alves C.J., Azevedo S.S., Paulin L.M. & Medeiros K.A. 2007. [Sero-epidemiological survey and risk factors for Brucella ovis infection in rams of the semiarid region of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil.] Inquérito soro-epidemiológico e fatores de risco associados à infecção por Brucella ovis em carneiros deslanados do semi-árido da Paraíba. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(4):137-143. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cx.Postal 64, Patos, PB 58700-970, Brazil. E-mail: clementinoij@yahoo.com.br A sero-epidemiological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of Brucella ovis infection in rams in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. The risk factors for the infection were also verified. Serum samples from 498 rams, 8 months of age or older, of 283 sheep herds in the Sertão Paraibano and Borborema mesoregions were investigated. All sera were examined by AGID test (screening test) and CFT (confirmatory test). From the total of examined herds, 8.59% (95% CI = 5.83%-12.48%) were seropositive for Brucella ovis. The prevalence of seropositive rams was 5.57% (95% CI = 3.86%-7.97%). The seropositivity was lower in herds where cleanliness was frequently made (p< 0.05).

Abstract in English:

Amorim S.L., Oliveira A.C.P., Riet-Correa F., Simões S.V.D., Medeiros R.M.T. & Clementino I.J. 2005. [Nutritional muscular dystrophy in sheep in Paraíba.] Distrofia muscular nutricional em ovinos na Paraíba. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(2):120-124. Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, UFCG, Campus de Patos, 58700-000 Patos, PB Brazil. E-mail: riet@cstr.ufcg.edu.br An outbreak of nutritional muscular dystrophy is reported in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil affecting 3-4 months old Dorper sheep. The animals, weighing 30-40 kg, were fed ad libitum with milk, concentrated ration, Tifton hay, and a mineral mixture. Six out of 70 lambs were affected and died in the first 48 hours after the onset of the outbreak. Clinical signs were fever of 40-41ºC, incoordination followed by paralysis and recumbence, depression, prostration with decreased pupillary and corneal reflexes, decreased tonus of the tongue and maxilla, salivation, submaxillar edema, and increased cardiac and respiratory rates. Death occurred after a clinical manifestation period of 6-12 hours. At necropsy of three animals, skeletal muscles were pale, the liver was yellowish and enlarged, the parotid, submaxillary, retropharyngeal, prescapular and mediastinal lymph nodes were enlarged with red surface, and red areas were observed on the lung surface. On histology, segmental muscular necrosis was observed in all skeletal muscles examined. The liver had centrilobular fatty degeneration, and congestion was observed in the lung and lymph nodes. From 48-96 hours after the begin of the outbreak, another 3 animals were affected. They were treated with Vitamin A, E and D complex; two of them died and one survived. On the same farm, a flock of 20 Santa Inês sheep of the same age as the affected animals, fed with the same food, but no milk, and another 900 sheep of different ages were not affected. The over nutrition of sheep with fast growing rates, and the stress caused by two days of water restriction to improve milk consumption had been predisposing factors for the occurrence of the disease. It is also possible that some of the minerals supplemented interfered with selenium availability.

• Nutritional muscular dystrophy muscular segmental necrosis selenium and vitamine E deficiency sheep.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Amorim S.L., Oliveira A.C.P., Riet-Correa F., Simões S.V.D., Medeiros R.M.T. & Clementino I.J. 2005. [Nutritional muscular dystrophy in sheep in Paraíba.] Distrofia muscular nutricional em ovinos na Paraíba. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(2):120-124. Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, UFCG, Campus de Patos, 58700-000 Patos, PB Brazil. E-mail: riet@cstr.ufcg.edu.br An outbreak of nutritional muscular dystrophy is reported in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil affecting 3-4 months old Dorper sheep. The animals, weighing 30-40 kg, were fed ad libitum with milk, concentrated ration, Tifton hay, and a mineral mixture. Six out of 70 lambs were affected and died in the first 48 hours after the onset of the outbreak. Clinical signs were fever of 40-41ºC, incoordination followed by paralysis and recumbence, depression, prostration with decreased pupillary and corneal reflexes, decreased tonus of the tongue and maxilla, salivation, submaxillar edema, and increased cardiac and respiratory rates. Death occurred after a clinical manifestation period of 6-12 hours. At necropsy of three animals, skeletal muscles were pale, the liver was yellowish and enlarged, the parotid, submaxillary, retropharyngeal, prescapular and mediastinal lymph nodes were enlarged with red surface, and red areas were observed on the lung surface. On histology, segmental muscular necrosis was observed in all skeletal muscles examined. The liver had centrilobular fatty degeneration, and congestion was observed in the lung and lymph nodes. From 48-96 hours after the begin of the outbreak, another 3 animals were affected. They were treated with Vitamin A, E and D complex; two of them died and one survived. On the same farm, a flock of 20 Santa Inês sheep of the same age as the affected animals, fed with the same food, but no milk, and another 900 sheep of different ages were not affected. The over nutrition of sheep with fast growing rates, and the stress caused by two days of water restriction to improve milk consumption had been predisposing factors for the occurrence of the disease. It is also possible that some of the minerals supplemented interfered with selenium availability.